In Arthur C. Clarke’s The Songs of Distant Earth the Sun has gone nova due to the Solar Neutrino Anomaly that was still unsolved at the time he wrote the book.

In Charles Stross’ Iron Sunrise the whole population of a solar system receives a technically lethal dose of neutrinos when their star is caused to go nova (technically lethal because it doesn’t have time to kill them, as they die seconds later when the rest of the exploding star hits them).